The building envelope includes all building components that separate the building interior from the outdoor environment. This normally includes the walls, the roof, and the basement or first floor slab. Sources of Moisture in Walls Moisture infiltrates the building envelope as water vapor through air leakage, in liquid form through…

For low-rise buildings, such as industrial buildings or retail buildings, the roofing system is the most expensive component that is expected to need replacement over the life of the building. Unwanted moisture intrusion is a major factor affecting the durability and performance of roof systems. When roof systems fail and leaks develop, not…

When describing the heating systems in a commercial building, there are a number of variables to consider, including: The type of fuel used. The medium used for heating (air, water, steam). The burner configuration – open vs. closed flame. The presence of a heat exchanger – direct vs. indirect fired.…